Journal Press India®

The Psychology of Risk Tolerance: Analyzing the Impact of Psychological Factors on Financial Risk Tolerance

Vol 11 , Issue 2 , July - December 2024 | Pages: 79-99 | Research Paper  

 
Article has been added to the cart.View Cart (0)
https://doi.org/10.17492/jpi.mudra.v11i2.1122405


Author Details ( * ) denotes Corresponding author

1. * Vyshak P K, Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, Sree Narayana College, Kannur, Kannur University, Kannur, Kerala, India (vyshakvijaypk@gmail.com)
2. Jayarajan T K, Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, Payyanur College, Payyanur, Kannur University, Kannur, Kerala, India (jayarajtkj@gmail.com)

Financial risk tolerance (FRT) refers to an individual’s willingness to take risks when making financial decisions. Risk tolerance is a crucial factor to consider when making optimal portfolio selections. This paper explores the relationship between the financial risk tolerance of individual equity investors and psychological factors. To achieve this, five indicators, namely self-esteem, sensation seeking, emotional intelligence, locus of control, and impulsiveness, were used to assess the impact of psychological determinants on FRT. The study was conducted in the state of Kerala, where data was collected from retail investors through a structured questionnaire. IBM SPSS 23.0 and IBM AMOS 26.0 were utilized to analyze the categorized data. The research framework was developed based on an extensive literature review, and these constructs were evaluated using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and path analysis to test the hypotheses regarding the relationships between multiple variables in the study. The study revealed that self-esteem, sensation seeking, emotional intelligence, locus of control, and impulsiveness have a significant positive impact on FRT.

Keywords

Financial risk tolerance; Investment; Individual investors; Psychological factors

  1. Agnew, S., & Harrison, N. (2017). The role of gender, cognitive attributes, and personality on willingness to take risks. Business and Economic Research, 7(1), 1–16. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5296/ber.v7i1.10371
  2. Ameriks, J., Wranik, T., & Salovey, P. (2009). Emotional intelligence and investor behavior. The Research Foundation of CFA Institute.
  3. Ansari, S., & Phatak, Y. (2016). A study of assessment of financial risk tolerance and preferred investment avenues of investors. Prestige International Journal of Management and Research, 10(1), 1–9.
  4. Awais, M., Laber, M. F., Rasheed, N., & Khursheed, A. (2016). Impact of financial literacy and investment experience on risk tolerance and investment decisions: Empirical evidence from Pakistan. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 6(1), 73–79.
  5. Aydemir, S. D., & Aren, S. (2017). Do the effects of individual factors on financial risk-taking behavior diversify with financial literacy? Kybernetes, 46(10), 1706–1734. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/k-10-2016-0281
  6. Baron, R. A. (1968). Authoritarianism, locus of control, and risk taking. The Journal of Psychology, 68(1), 141-143. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1968.105441 38
  7. Beran, T. N., & Violato, C. (2010). Structural equation modeling in medical research: A primer. BMC Research Notes, 3(1). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-3-267
  8. Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  9. Brayman, S., Grable, J. E., Griffin, P., & Finke, M. (2017). Assessing a client’s risk profile: A review of solution providers. Journal of Financial Service Professionals, 71(1), 71-81.
  10. Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. New York: Routledge.
  11. Carpentier, A., Brijs, K., Declercq, K., Brijs, T., Daniels, S., & Wets, G. (2014). The effect of family climate on risky driving of young novices: The moderating role of attitude and locus of control. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 73, 53–64. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2014.08.005
  12. Corter, J. E., & Chen, Y. (2005). Do investment risk tolerance attitudes predict portfolio risk? Journal of Business and Psychology, 20(3), 369–381. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.100 7/s10869-005-9010-5
  13. Crisp, B. R., & Barber, J. G. (1995). The effect of locus of control on the association between risk perception and sexual risk-taking. Personality and Individual Differences, 19(6), 841–845. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(95)00117-4
  14. Demaree, H. A., DeDonno, M. A., Burns, K. J., Feldman, P., & Everhart, D. E. (2009). Trait dominance predicts risk-taking. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(5), 419–422. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.013
  15. Duxbury, L., Haines, G., & Riding, A. (1996). A personality profile of Canadian informal investors. Journal of Small Business Management, 34(2), 44–55.
  16. Faff, R., Mulino, D., & Chai, D. (2008). On the linkage between financial risk tolerance and risk aversion. Journal of Financial Research, 31(1), 1–23.
  17. Fan, Y., Chen, J., Shirkey, G., John, R., Shao, C., & Park, H. (2016). Applications of structural equation modeling (SEM) in ecological studies: An updated review. Ecological Processes, 5(1). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-016-0063-3
  18. Foo, M. (2011). Emotions and entrepreneurial opportunity evaluation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(2), 375–393. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.20 09.00357.x
  19. Gibson, R., Michayluk, D., & Van de Venter, G. (2013). Financial risk tolerance: An analysis of unexplored factors. Financial Services Review, 22(1), 23-50.
  20. Grable, J. E. (2000). Financial risk tolerance and additional factors that affect risk taking in everyday money matters. Journal of Business and Psychology, 14(4), 625–630. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022994314982
  21. Grable, J. E., & Joo, S. (1999). Financial help-seeking behavior: Theory and implications. Financial Counseling and Planning, 10(1), 13-24.
  22. Grable, J. E., & Joo, S. H. (2004). Environmental and biopsychosocial factors associated with financial risk tolerance. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 15(1), 73-82.
  23. Grable, J. E., & Lytton, R. H. (1999). Financial risk tolerance revisited: The development of a risk assessment instrument. Financial Services Review, 8(3), 163–181. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/s1057-0810(99)00041-4
  24. Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., Black, W. C., & Babin, B. J. (2006). Multivariate data analysis. Pearson Education.
  25. Hair, J., & Black, B. B. (2006). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice-Hall.
  26. Hallahan, T., Faff, R., & McKenzie, M. D. (2003). An exploratory investigation of the relation between risk tolerance scores and demographic characteristics. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 13(4–5), 483–502. Retrieved from https://doi.org/ 10.1016/s1042-444x(03)00022-7
  27. Hans, A., & Choudhary, F. (2023). Economic resilience and rationality: A study of Indian stock investors’ investment decisions and performance. MUDRA: Journal of Finance and Accounting, 10(1), 41-56. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.17492/jpi.mudra.v10i1.1012303
  28. Harlow, W., & Keith, C. (1990). The role of risk tolerance in the asset allocation process: A new perspective. The Research Foundation of the Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts.
  29. Kalbhor, A., & Jagannathan, U. K. (2020). Bailard, Biehl and Kaiser five-way model and behavioral biases influencing individual investors’ decisions in the Indian capital market. MUDRA: Journal of Finance and Accounting, 7(2), 1-30. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.17492/jpi.mudra.v7i2.722027
  30. Kannadhasan, M., Aramvalarthan, S., Mitra, S. K., & Goyal, V. (2016). Relationship between biopsychosocial factors and financial risk tolerance: An empirical study. Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers, 41(2), 117–131. Retrieved from https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0256090916642685
  31. Larkin, C., Lucey, B. M., & Mulholland, M. (2013). Risk tolerance and demographic characteristics: Preliminary Irish evidence. Financial Services Review, 22(1), 77.
  32. Lerner, J. S., Small, D. A., & Loewenstein, G. (2004). Heart strings and purse strings: Carryover effects of emotions on economic decisions. Psychological Science, 15(5), 337–341. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00679.x
  33. Lynam, D. R. (2013). Development of a short form of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale (Unpublished technical report).
  34. Maccrimmon, K., & Wehrung, D. A. (1986). Taking risks: The management of uncertainty. New York: Free Press.
  35. Mandal, A., Kovid, R. K., & Saxena, A. (2023). Investigating influence of financial literacy on investment awareness: Mediating role of risk tolerance. MUDRA: Journal of Finance and Accounting, 10(2), 118–136. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.17492/jpi.mudra.v10 i2.1022307
  36. Marsh, H. W., Morin, A. J. S., Parker, P. E., & Tripathi, M. (2014). Exploratory structural equation modeling: An integration of the best features of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10(1), 85–110. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153700
  37. Maurya, R., & Shunmugasundaram, V. (2023). Moderating effect of demographic traits on the influence of investment decisions on financial behavior of working women. MUDRA: Journal of Finance and Accounting, 10(1), 1–22. Retrieved from https://doi.org/ 10.17492/jpi.mudra.v10i1.1012301
  38. Naqvi, M. H. A., Jiang, Y., Miao, M., & Naqvi, M. H. (2020). Linking biopsychosocial indicators with financial risk tolerance and satisfaction through macroeconomic literacy: A structural equation modeling approach. Cogent Economics & Finance, 8(1), 1–9. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2020.1730079
  39. Nguyen, L. A., Gallery, G., & Newton, C. (2016). The influence of financial risk tolerance on investment decision-making in a financial advice context. The Australasian Accounting Business and Finance Journal, 10(3), 3–22. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.14453/aabf j.v10i3.2
  40. Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  41. Perry, V. G., & Morris, M. C. (2005). Who is in control? The role of self-perception, knowledge, and income in explaining consumer financial behavior. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 39(2), 299–313. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6606.2005.00016.x
  42. Pompian, M. (2012). Behavioral finance and wealth management. Wiley. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119202400
  43. Rabbani, A. G., Yao, Z., Wang, C., & Grable, J. E. (2020). Financial risk tolerance, sensation seeking, and locus of control among pre-retiree baby boomers. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 32(1), 146–157. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1891/jfcp-18-00072
  44. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  45. Ross, R., & Fabiano, E. (1985). Time to think: A cognitive model of crime and delinquency prevention & offender rehabilitation. Johnson City: Institute of Social Sciences and Arts Inc.
  46. Roszkowski, M. J., & Grable, J. E. (2010). Gender differences in personal income and financial risk tolerance: How much of a connection? The Career Development Quarterly, 58, 270–275.
  47. Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9(3), 185–211. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2190/dugg-p24e-52wk-6cdg
  48. Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2007). Research methods for business students. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall.
  49. Snelbecker, G. E., Roszkowski, M. J., & Cutler, N. E. (1990). Investors’ risk tolerance and return aspirations, and financial advisors’ interpretations: A conceptual model and exploratory data. Journal of Behavioral Economics, 19(4), 377–393. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-5720(90)90024-2
  50. Sulainman, E. K. (2012). An empirical analysis of financial risk tolerance and demographic features of individual investors. Procedia Economics and Finance, 2, 109–115.
  51. Thanki, H. (2015). Risk tolerance dependent on what? Demographics or personality type: Findings from empirical research. Journal of Marketing and Consumer Research, 6, 48–56.
  52. Thanki, H., Karani, A., & Goyal, A. K. (2020). Psychological antecedents of financial risk tolerance. The Journal of Wealth Management, 23(2), 36–51. Retrieved from https://doi.org /10.3905/jwm.2020.1.111
  53. Tiwari, S. K., Bansal, P. K., & Maheshwari, A. (2019). An empirical study of determinants of investors’ behavior in stock market. MUDRA: Journal of Finance and Accounting, 6(2), 44–59. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.17492/mudra.v6i2.186476
  54. Wheaton, B., Muthén, B., D. F., & Summers, G. (1977). Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. Sociological Methodology, 8(1), 84–136.
  55. Wong, A., & Carducci, B. (2016). Do sensation seeking, control orientation, ambiguity, and dishonesty traits affect financial risk tolerance? Managerial Finance, 42(1), 34–41. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/mf-09-2015-0256
  56. Wong, C., & Law, K. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 243–274.
  57. Zuckerman, M. (1994). Impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking: The biological foundations of a basic dimension of personality. In American Psychological Association eBooks (pp.  219–255). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1037/10149-008
  58. Zuckerman, M., & Kuhlman, D. M. (2000). Personality and risk-taking: Common biosocial factors. Journal of Personality, 68(6), 999–1029. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/14 67-6494.00124
Abstract Views: 5
PDF Views: 1

By continuing to use this website, you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with our Cookie Policy.